Following recent criticism from its largest shareholder, the IMF is undertaking a Comprehensive Surveillance Review in 2026 that will shape how it monitors and advises all 191 of its members. In a new BWC Backgrounder, Stephanie Segal examines IMF surveillance, including what it is, how it has evolved in response to global shocks, and what to expect from the upcoming Comprehensive Surveillance Review. With the review due ahead of the Annual Meetings in Bangkok this October, Segal lays the groundwork for understanding how the IMF sets priorities across both core and emerging policy areas, from exchange rates and fiscal policy to artificial intelligence and climate.